Citation Guide

Definition

Quoting is when you use the exact words of another person.

Using Quotes

• Quotes should be used sparingly in your research since they do not show that you have digested and understood the material or showcase your writing ability.  They only show that you've read information related to your topic.
• Quotes should only be used when the exact wording is important, or you are unable to paraphrase the author's words.
• It is best to integrate quotes into your sentences rather than use them as stand-alone sentences. (See the example below for how to incorporate a quote into your sentence.)
• Try not to quote an entire sentence, unless absolutely necessary.  Only quote the most important words or information.
• It is a good idea to start or end a sentence containing a quote with your own words to tie the quote back into your assignment. This shows you are applying the quote to support your own ideas and are adding value to the quote.
• Consider using a signal phrase to introduce your quote to the reader.

Formatting Quotes

Short quotations, usually those under 4 lines of text, are enclosed in quotation marks and include an in-text citation at the end. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the citation correctly.)

Long quotations, usually those at or over 4 lines of text, are often called "block quotes" and have specific formatting that differs depending on the citation style being used.  Check the style guide assigned by your professor for direction on how to properly format a block quote.

(largely adapted from content on James Cook University Library "Writing Guide" licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License and with permission from Purdue University Online Writing Lab)

Definition

Summarizing is when you take a large portion of the material (paragraphs, chapters, or the entire contents) and condense it down to the main points using your own words.  A summary is very short overview of the resource, or portion of the resource, focusing on the key concepts.

Using Summaries

• Summaries must be written entirely using your own words
• Summaries should be used when you need to quickly introduce background information or another person's ideas into your work to provide context or help set-up your analysis for your reader
• Try not to use summaries as "stand-alone evidence". You should always try to provide your own commentary, opinions, and/or analysis on the content of the summary.

Formatting Summaries

There is no special formatting for including summaries in your writing, except that you must still include an in-text citation, citing where you got the information provided in the summary. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the in-text citation correctly.)

(adapted from content on James Cook University Library "Writing Guide" licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License)

Definition

Paraphrasing is when you restate a concept or passage from someone else using your own words. In addition to changing the words used, correct paraphrasing also changes the sentence structure. Unlike summaries, which are much condensed representations of the original work, paraphrases are typically similar in length to the original text. Paraphrases often include your own thoughts, interpretations, and understanding of the information being conveyed.

Using Paraphrases

• Shows that you've done research into your topic
• Shows understanding of the topic and source being cited, and adds value to the conversation surrounding the topic being discussed
• Provides supporting evidence for your arguments, adding credibility to your ideas and work
• Improves the flow of your paper, by retaining your own tone and voice rather than that of your sources

• Paraphrasing involves changing the words and sentence structure from the original to rephrase the idea in your own words
  • It is not simply swapping out words or phrases with synonyms, or reordering the phrases within the sentence (this is considered "patchwriting" and is a form of plagiarism - see the section on Patchwriting below for more information)
• Paraphrasing should be the most frequently utilized method of incorporating sources into your research since it shows a deeper understanding of the material and that you have developed your own thoughts on the topic
• When paraphrasing you should seek to include your own thoughts, interpretations, and/or analysis of the information being paraphrased

Formatting Paraphrases

There is no special formatting for including paraphrases in your writing, except that you must still include an in-text citation, citing where you got the information being paraphrased. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the in-text citation correctly.)

(adapted from content on James Cook University Library "Writing Guide" licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License and Academic Integrity, by Ulrike Kestler, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License)

Definition

Patchwriting is when you only change a few words or the sentence structure without incorporating your own ideas or voice in an attempt to paraphrase. Patchwriting mimics the language and structure of the original source and therefore cannot be considered a true paraphrase, which also requires your own thoughts and understanding of the content be included. As such, patchwriting is often an unintentional form of plagiarism.

Patchwriting vs. Paraphrasing

(from Academic Integrity, by Ulrike Kestler, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License)

Patchwriting Example

Original Text

Graphic novels by their nature are intriguing. They are colorful, full of pictures, word bubbles, and funny sounds coming out of the characters’ mouths. Many recent publications are culturally diverse, offering traditionally underrepresented students the opportunity to see themselves in the texts and majority students the opportunity to connect with different characters and perspectives. (Haroldson, p. 39)

Source: Haroldson, Rachelle. “PICTURE THIS! The Versatility of Graphic Novels in Science Class.” Science Teacher, vol. 89, no. 2, Nov. 2021, p. 37-43. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,cpid&custid=norwalk&db=sch&AN=153491142&site=eds-live.

Patchwriting

Graphic novels are inherently captivating due to their vibrant visuals, use of illustrations, word bubbles, and sound effects. Many contemporary graphic novels embrace cultural diversity, providing traditionally marginalized students with a chance to identify with characters who resemble them, while also allowing students in majority groups to engage with diverse perspectives and characters (Haroldson, p. 39).

Paraphrase

Graphic novels have a unique ability to capture student interest in scientific concepts due to their inherently entertaining method of conveying information through visual imagery. Moreover, these novels offer a valuable opportunity for students from traditionally underrepresented groups to identify with and relate to the characters and storylines presented within the narrative, making students more likely to engage with the material (Haroldson, p. 39).