A Guide to CSE Documentation                               

References

The following are examples of materials commonly used in the CSE (Council of Science Editors) References list, but do not represent all types of resources. For citing sources not mentioned here, consult The CSE Manual 9^th edition, which is on Reserve at the Circulation Desk in the CT State Northwestern Library. The examples listed below are excerpted from, and in some instances adapted from, that The CSE-Style Citation Quick Guide.

This guide reflects the citation-sequence system, which is used at CT State Northwestern.

General Formatting Principles

The citation of works used in your paper is called a “reference.” References give credit to the original work and provides sufficient information to locate those published works. In CSE, there are 2 components:

1) the in-text number in superscript that leads the reader to the

2) detailed description of the cited resource in an end “Cited References” and “Additional References” page. The same in-text number is used each time that resource is cited.

 The “Cited References” page is ordered based on when the first in-text citation appears in your paper. 

JOURNALS

List authors in the order in which they appear in the original resource, followed by a period. Periods also follow article and journal titles and volume or issue information. Separate the date from volume and issue by a semicolon. The location (usually the page range for the article or, for journals that follow a continuous publication model, the article number) is preceded by a colon. For journal articles consulted online, add a URL to the end of the reference; no punctuation follows the URL. A DOI-based URL is preferred.

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL

For articles with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

For articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”

Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

Volume with no issue or other subdivision

Kim KY, Kim BS. The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn. 2020;54:3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05169-7

Volume with issue and supplement

Yohannes AM, Kaplan A, Hanania NA. Anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018;85(2 Suppl 1):S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85.s1.03

Volume with supplement but no issue

Bhaskar ST, Dholaria BR, Sengsayadeth SM, Savani BN, Oluwole OO. Role of bridging therapy during chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. eJHaem. 2022;3(Suppl 1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jha2.335

Multiple volume numbers

Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S. Temporal variation of black carbon concentration using Aethalometer observations and its relationships with meteorological variables in Karachi, Pakistan. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys. 2017;157–158:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.03.017

Article number but no volume or issue

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 2020:8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

BOOKS

Separate information about author(s), title, edition, and publisher by periods. The basic format is:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

For books with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

De Doncker RW, Duco WJP, Veltman A. Advanced electrical drives: analysis, modeling, control. Springer; 2020.

For books with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”

Online book

Agarwal A et al, editors. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001    

Organization as author

Advanced Life Support Group. Acute psychiatric emergencies: a practical approach. Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.

Editor in place of author

Gupta HK, editor. Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. 2nd ed. Springer; 2021.

Author(s) plus editor(s) or translator(s)

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press; 2003.

Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau; 1985.

Chapter or other part of a book, same author(s)

Everard M. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge; 2017. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

Chapter or other part of a book, different author(s)

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer; 2021. p 269–301.

Volume in a multivolume set

Rabinovich AB, Fritz HM, Tanioka Y, Geist EL, editors. Global tsunami science: past and future. Vol 3. Birkhäuser; 2019.

WEBSITES

References to websites and other online formats follow the same general principles as for other references, with the addition of a date of update/revision (if available) along with a URL.

Author. Title of article. Publisher; date of publication [date updated]. URL

If no author is listed, cite under the title of the article or other component.

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; 2020 Apr 30 [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

If no date of publication or update is available, include an access date.

Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago, Illinois. Google Maps; [accessed 2022 Jan 3]. https://goo.gl/maps/GJALYGBXFZ8TSGK5A

FORTHCOMING OR UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL

Forthcoming book

Kasper D et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional. Forthcoming 2026.

Journal preprint

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

Journal article published ahead of print

Corrigan TJ Jr, Businger S. The anatomy of a series of cloud bursts that eclipsed the US rainfall record. Mon Wea Rev. [published online ahead of print 2021 Dec 30]. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-21-0028.1

Paper or poster presented at meeting

Charles L, Gordner R. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Español customer service requests. Poster session presented at: ¡Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA ’05: Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; 2005 May 14–19; San Antonio, TX.

References to published presentations are cited much like contributions to books, with the addition of information about the date and place of the conference.

Personal communication

References to personal communication are placed in running text rather than as formal end references. Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgments” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.

. . . local and systemic reactions were expected to be stronger after the second dose (2022 letter from TD Perez to author; unreferenced, see “Notes”) . . .

Generative AI

CSE follows The Chicago Manual of Style, 18^th edition and recommends treating AI-generated content as personal communication. Include a description of the content that was created or edited and the name of the language model or tool, version and extension numbers, and manufacturer.

Example: I wanted to see how it would respond to a prompt to "create a nonexistent dinosaur" (ChatGPT [OpenAI], response to question from author, 6 April 2023).

    OTHER SOURCES

Dissertations and Theses

Liang S. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

Patents

Engelhardt TP et al, inventors; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc, assignee. Diabetes manager for glucose testing and continuous glucose monitoring. United States patent US10568511B2. 2020 Feb 25.

Newspapers

Zimmer C. To speed vaccination, some call for delaying second shots. The New York Times. 2021 Apr 9 [updated 2021 Apr 27]. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/health/covid-vaccine-second-dose-delay.html