Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Pages. DOI
Prakash, O. (2025). Is it time for India to set social media age limits for adolescents? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(2), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_1012_24
For works without DOIs from most academic research databases, do not include a URL or database information. The reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work.
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Pages.
Prakash, O. (2025). Is it time for India to set social media age limits for adolescents? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(2), 267–273.
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Pages. DOI or URL
Font Vivanco, D., Freire-González, J., Kemp, R., & van der Voet, E. (2014). The remarkable environmental rebound effect of electric cars: A microeconomic approach. Environmental Science & Technology 48(20), 12063-12072. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5038063
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Book Title. Publisher.
Albo, G. & Panitch, L. (2010). In and out of crisis. PM Press.
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Book Title. Publisher. URL
Burgess, S. (2023). LGBT inclusion in American life: Pop culture, political imagination, and civil rights. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479819775.001.0001
Chapter Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Chapter Title. In Initials, Editor Last Name (Ed.), Book Title. (Edition Information, Pages). Publisher.
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research. (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
Last Name, Initials. (Date Last Updated). Page Title. Website Title. URL.
Gammon, K. (2022, March 25). Physicists unspool what happens when fabrics dry. Inside Science. https://ww2.aip.org/inside-science/physicists-unspool-what-happens-when-fabrics-dry#
Director Last Name, Initials (Director). (Year). Film Title [Film]. Production Company.
Loyd, P. (Director). (2008). Mamma mia! [Film]. Universal Pictures.
Writer Last Name, Initials (Writer), & Director Last Name, Initials (Director). (Original Air Date). Episode Title (Season Number, Episode Number) [Tv series episode]. In Initials, Executive Producer Last Name (Executive Producer), Series Title. Production Company.
Korsh, A. (Writer & Director). (2019, September 25). One last con (Season 9, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In D. Liman & D. Bartis (Executive Producers), Suits. Untitled Korsh Company; Universal Content Productions; Open 4 Business Productions.
Channel Name. (Upload Date). Video Title [Video]. Website Host. URL.
Asian Boss. (2020, June 5). World’s leading vaccine expert fact-checks COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy: Stay curious #22 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdLDMLrYIA
Host or Executive Producer Last Name, Initials. (Role). (Date). Episode Title (Episode Number) [Podcast Format]. In Podcast Title. Production Company. URL
Hannah-Jones, N. (Host). (2019, September 13). How the bad blood started (No. 4) [Audio podcast episode]. In 1619. The New York Times. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-4-how-the-bad-blood-started/id1476928106?i=1000449718223
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of Image/Artwork [Format]. Source. URL
Ryan, S. (2019). Sea smoke on Lake Michigan [Photograph]. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/world/year-in-pictures.html
If the artwork is held by a museum, include the museum name and location as the source.
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting].The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
Treat a class lecture as a personal communication. Personal communication requires an in-text citation only, and is not included in the reference list.
(P. Johnson, personal communication, March 17, 2022).
Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by readers, such as emails, text messages, and phone conversations, are considered “personal communication.” You do not include personal communication in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2019).
If the post includes emojis within the first 20 words, replicate them when possible, or provide a description. If the post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate this using square brackets.
Last Name, Initials. [Handle]. (Date). First 20 Words of Post [Format]. Site. URL.
Figure.NZ [@figurenz]. (2019, October 15). Looking forward to resting up over the holidays? [sleeping face emoji] [beach with umbrella emoji] NZ #Health Survey figures show about 70% of adults meet sleep duration... [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/FigureNZ/status/1207422765986279424
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Post. Publisher. URL
Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality
If the author is the same as the publisher, omit the publisher from the source element.
Author(s). (Date). Title of Manual (Edition). Publisher. DOI
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Author(s). (Date). Title of Chapter. In Title of Manual (Edition). DOI
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Cautionary statement for forensic use of DSM-5. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
If the author is the same as the publisher, omit the publisher from the source element.
Author. (Date). Title of Data Set [Data set]. Publisher. URL
Pew Research Center. (2018). American trends panel Wave 26 [Data set]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/
Author(s). (Publication Date). Software Title (Version) [Computer Software]. Publisher. URL
Borenstien, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J. & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer software]. Biostat. http://www.meta-analysis.com/
Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials
Blackman, J., & Veerapen, R.
Last Name, Initials, Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials
Wang, K., Cui, W., & Yuan, X.
Government Agency Name. (Year). Title of Report. URL
United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf
Organization Name. (Year). Title of Report. URL
Kellogg Company. (2019). 2019 annual report. https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NYSE_K_2019.pdf